德日安乐死合法性问题的判例评析及其启示

德日司法机关对于消极安乐死整体上是持容许态度，认定其合法化的核心根据在于是否符合患者的主观真实意愿。其中，德国司法判例的传统观点是通过区分“作为”与“不作为”来判断能否构成法律所容许的消极安乐死，但当前正朝着直接通过患者的真实同意或是推定同意来阻却安乐死违法性这一趋势发展；日本则是综合患者的自主决定权与医师的治疗义务界限来加以认定。上述司法实践启示我国可以藉由患者的真实同意或是推定同意作为消极安乐死的正当化根据，并以临终状态的认定与患者意愿的获得作为判断消极安乐死能否成立的重要准则。

Case Analysis and Enlightenment of the Legitimacy of Euthanasia in Germany and Japan

The German and Japanese judicial authorities are generally tolerant of negative euthanasia, and the core basis for its legalization is whether it conforms to the subjective true will of patients. Among them, the traditional view of German judicial precedent is to judge whether it can constitute negative euthanasia permitted by law by distinguishing "act" and "omission". However, the current trend is moving directly through the patient's realistic consent or presumed consent to block the illegality of euthanasia. Japan identifies by combining the two elements of the patient's autonomy and the doctor's treatment obligation. The above judicial practice enlightens that patient's realistic consent or presumed consent can be taken as the justification basis for negative euthanasia in China. At the same time, the determination of the end-of-life state and the acquisition of the patient's will are important criteria for judging whether negative euthanasia can be established.