从现代逻辑观点看中国古代的有效推理

中国古代逻辑也是研究推理和论证的。推理和论证的主要目的是揭示一个命题为真的原因或理由。推理关系是一种 ＂必然地得出＂ 的关系。墨子提出了四种推理模式：＂辟＂、＂侔＂、＂援＂、＂推＂,而且把 ＂推＂ 又分为两种 ＂止＂,即归纳＂止＂ 式推论和演绎 ＂止＂ 式推论。特别地,墨家提出了 ＂效＂ 作为判定推理是否有效的标准。

Valid Reasoning in Ancient China from the Perspective of Modern Logic

Ancient Chinese logic concerns reasoning and argumentation. The main aim of argumentation is to reveal the reasons for true statements. The relation between the reasons and the statement to be explained is how the truth of the the statement ＂necessarily comes about＂given the reasons. The Mohists advanced four kinds of reasoning pattern： ＂illustrating （pi,辟）＂, ＂parallelizing （mou, 侔）＂, ＂adducing （yuan, 援）＂ and ＂inferring （tui, 推）＂. ＂Inferring＂can also be divided into two kinds of ＂stopping （zhi, 止）＂, that is to say, inductive and deductive ＂stopping＂ inferences. In addition, the Mohists proposed a standard called ＂xiao （效）＂ for determining whether or not reasoning is valid.