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Phobic anxiety in 11 nations. Part I: Dimensional constancy of the five-factor model |
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| Authors: | Arrindell W A Eisemann Martin Richter Jörg Oei Tian P S Caballo Vicente E van der Ende Jan Sanavio Ezio Bagés Nuri Feldman Lya Torres Bárbara Sica Claudio Iwawaki Saburo Edelmann Robert J Crozier W Ray Furnham Adrian Hudson Barbara L Aguilar G Arrindell W A Bagés N Bentall R Bridges K R Buchanan A Caballo V E Calvo M G Canalda G Castro J Crozier W R Davis M Edelmann R J Eisemann M Farrer R J Felman L Frindte W Furnham A Gärling T Gaszner P Gillholm R Gustafsson M Hansson S B Harris P Hatzichristou C Hudson B L Iwawaki S Johnston M Kállai J Kasielke E Kenardy J Leong C C Liddell A Montgomery I |
| Affiliation: | a Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Heymans Institute, Grote Kruisstraat 2/I, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands b Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden c Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany d The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia e Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain f Erasmus Universiteit, Rotterdam, The Netherlands g Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy h Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela i Universidad del País Vasco, San Sebastián, Spain j Università di Parma, Parma, Italy k Showa Women’s University, Tokyo, Japan l University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom m University of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom n University College London, London, United Kingdom o University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom |
| Abstract: | The Fear Survey Schedule-III (FSS-III) was administered to a total of 5491 students in Australia, East Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden, and Venezuela, and submitted to the multiple group method of confirmatory analysis (MGM) in order to determine the cross-national dimensional constancy of the five-factor model of self-assessed fears originally established in Dutch, British, and Canadian samples. The model comprises fears of bodily injury-illness-death, agoraphobic fears, social fears, fears of sexual and aggressive scenes, and harmless animals fears. Close correspondence between the factors was demonstrated across national samples. In each country, the corresponding scales were internally consistent, were intercorrelated at magnitudes comparable to those yielded in the original samples, and yielded (in 93% of the total number of 55 comparisons) sex differences in line with the usual finding (higher scores for females). In each country, the relatively largest sex differences were obtained on harmless animals fears. The organization of self-assessed fears is sufficiently similar across nations to warrant the use of the same weight matrix (scoring key) for the FSS-III in the different countries and to make cross-national comparisons feasible. This opens the way to further studies that attempt to predict (on an a priori basis) cross-national variations in fear levels with dimensions of national cultures. |
| Keywords: | Fears Five-factor model Cross-cultural Factorial invariance Multiple group method Sex differences |
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