Conscious thought beats deliberation without attention in diagnostic decision-making: at least when you are an expert |
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Authors: | Sílvia Mamede Henk G Schmidt Remy M J P Rikers Eugene J F M Custers Ted A W Splinter Jan L C M van Saase |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Psychology T13-33, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;(2) Center for Research and Development of Education, University Medical Center at Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;(3) Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands |
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Abstract: | Contrary to what common sense makes us believe, deliberation without attention has recently been suggested to produce better
decisions in complex situations than deliberation with attention. Based on differences between cognitive processes of experts
and novices, we hypothesized that experts make in fact better decisions after consciously thinking about complex problems
whereas novices may benefit from deliberation-without-attention. These hypotheses were confirmed in a study among doctors
and medical students. They diagnosed complex and routine problems under three conditions, an immediate-decision condition
and two delayed conditions: conscious thought and deliberation-without-attention. Doctors did better with conscious deliberation
when problems were complex, whereas reasoning mode did not matter in simple problems. In contrast, deliberation-without-attention
improved novices’ decisions, but only in simple problems. Experts benefit from consciously thinking about complex problems;
for novices thinking does not help in those cases. |
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