Planning in sentence production: Evidence for the phrase as a default planning scope |
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| Authors: | Randi C. Martin Jason E. Crowther Meredith Knight Franklin P. Tamborello Chin-Lung Yang |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Psychology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA;2. Department of Chinese, Translation and Linguistics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong;1. Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA;2. Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Cognitive Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA;3. Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Second Language Acquisition and Teaching, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA;4. Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627-0268, USA;5. Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627-0268, USA;1. CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China;2. School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China;3. College of Music, Southwest University, Chongqing, China;4. Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;1. Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6;2. Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6;3. Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA;1. Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;1. Center for the Study of Applied Psychology and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, PR China;2. Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom;3. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, PR China |
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| Abstract: | Controversy remains as to the scope of advanced planning in language production. Smith and Wheeldon (1999) found significantly longer onset latencies when subjects described moving-picture displays by producing sentences beginning with a complex noun phrase than for matched sentences beginning with a simple noun phrase. While these findings are consistent with a phrasal scope of planning, they might also be explained on the basis of: (1) greater retrieval fluency for the second content word in the simple initial noun phrase sentences and (2) visual grouping factors. In Experiments 1 and 2, retrieval fluency for the second content word was equated for the complex and simple initial noun phrase conditions. Experiments 3 and 4 addressed the visual grouping hypothesis by using stationary displays and by comparing onset latencies for the same display for sentence and list productions. Longer onset latencies for the sentences beginning with a complex noun phrase were obtained in all experiments, supporting the phrasal scope of planning hypothesis. The results indicate that in speech, as in other motor production domains, planning occurs beyond the minimal production unit. |
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