Reaching for the unknown: Multiple target encoding and real-time decision-making in a rapid reach task |
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| Authors: | Craig S. Chapman Jason P. Gallivan Daniel K. Wood Jennifer L. Milne Jody C. Culham Melvyn A. Goodale |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C2;2. Neuroscience Program, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C2;1. INSERM, U992, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France;2. Language and Brain Lab, School of Education and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;3. Collège de France, F-75005 Paris, France;4. CEA, DSV/I2BM, NeuroSpin Center, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France;5. University Paris-Sud, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France;1. Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;2. Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;3. John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;1. Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada;2. Dept. of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada;3. Dept. of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada;1. Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA;2. Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA;3. Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;4. Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;1. CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, ISM UMR 7287, 13009 Marseille, France;2. Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad 382424, Gujarat, India |
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| Abstract: | Decision-making is central to human cognition. Fundamental to every decision is the ability to internally represent the available choices and their relative costs and benefits. The most basic and frequent decisions we make occur as our motor system chooses and executes only those actions that achieve our current goals. Although these interactions with the environment may appear effortless, this belies what must be incredibly sophisticated visuomotor decision-making processes. In order to measure how visuomotor decisions unfold in real-time, we used a unique reaching paradigm that forced participants to initiate rapid hand movements toward multiple potential targets, with only one being cued after reach onset. We show across three experiments that, in cases of target uncertainty, trajectories are spatially sensitive to the probabilistic distribution of targets within the display. Specifically, when presented with two or three target displays, subjects initiate their reaches toward an intermediary or ‘averaged’ location before correcting their trajectory in-flight to the cued target location. A control experiment suggests that our effect depends on the targets acting as potential reach locations and not as distractors. This study is the first to show that the ‘averaging’ of target-directed reaching movements depends not only on the spatial position of the targets in the display but also the probability of acting at each target location. |
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