The effects of effort on stroop interference |
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| Authors: | D P MacKinnon R E Geiselman J A Woodward |
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| Affiliation: | 1. AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino SC Pneumologia Presidio Regina Margherita, Turin, Italy;2. Clinical and Academic Unit of Sleep & Breathing, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK;3. Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Science (Di.Chir.On.S.), Section of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Italy;1. Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100096, China;2. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA;3. The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Huiai Hospital, Guangzhou, China;1. Clinical Transfusion Research Center, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 610052, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China;2. Key laboratory of transfusion adverse reactions, CAMS, 610052, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China;3. Department of Special Clinic, First affiliated hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, Shanghai, PR China;4. Guanggu District, the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China;5. Department of Organ Transplantation, First affiliated hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, Shanghai, PR China;6. Department of oncology, First affiliated hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, Shanghai, PR China;7. University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States;8. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First affiliated hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, Shanghai, PR China;1. Kuopio Research Centre of Geriatric Care, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland;2. School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland;3. Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia;4. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;5. Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland;6. Impact Assessment Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland;1. Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin;2. Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina;3. Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta Georgia;4. Ahmanson-UCLA Cardiomyopathy Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;5. Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;6. CHU Nancy, Institute of Lorraine Heart and Blood Vessels, Nancy, France;7. Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence, Italy;8. The CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts;9. Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois;10. Division of Cardiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York |
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| Abstract: | Stroop interference was defined as the difference in time needed to name the ink colors of printed color and color-related words versus control plus signs. The effect of effort on Stroop interference was studied using an inter-subject competition procedure designed to manipulate effort. In experiment 1, subjects in the competition group were successful at inhibiting Stroop interference when compared to the performance of subjects in the no-competition group. This result is consistent with theories that postulate attentional effects on Stroop interference. In experiment 2, the significant decrease in Stroop interference was accompanied by a significant reduction in recognition memory for Stroop list items. Therefore, Stroop interference was reduced at a stage during the processing of word meaning. This result is consistent with theories that locate Stroop interference before response output. |
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