3～5岁儿童表面与结构相似性类比推理的实验研究

采用经典类比推理问题对3~5岁儿童表面相似性与结构相似性类比推理能力进行了实验研究。结果发现:(1)表面相似性与结构相似性对儿童解决类比问题的影响不同。一般来说,前者更有利于3~5岁儿童类比问题的解决;(2)儿童解决表面相似性与结构相似性类比问题的能力随年龄增长而发展,但发展趋势不同。在表面相似性问题方面,4岁以前发展较慢,而4岁以后的发展较快;在结构相似性问题方面,4岁以前发展较快,而4岁以后的发展较慢。4岁是儿童解决类比推理问题能力的转折点;(3)在本实验条件下,工作记忆负荷对儿童解决表面相似性类比问题与结构相似性类比问题的影响不显著;(4)类比映射关系提示能促进儿童解决两类类比问题,但对不同年龄儿童的作用是非线性的。

An Experiment on Children's Analogical Reasoning with Superficial Similarity and Structural Similarity

With self-designed classic analogical problems,three experiment conditions were taken to explore the superficial similarity and structure similarity analogical reasoning of children aged 3-5 years.It showed: the effects of superficial similarity and structure on children's analogy similarity were different.In general,the former was more conducive to analogical problem solving;children's ability to solve classic analogical problems with superficial similarity and structure similarity developed with age.However,the trend of development was different.In terms of superficial similarity,it developed slowly before 4 years old,and faster after 4 years old.In terms of structure similarity,it developed faster before 4 years old,and slowly after 4 years old.The age of 4 was a turning point;working memory effects on children's analogy with superficial similarity and structure similarity were not evident;the hint of mapping relations might prompt children's analogy with superficial similarity and structure similarity;however,the effect on age might be non-linear.