The effects of instructions and reinforcement on thinking and language behavior of schizophrenics |
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| Authors: | D H Meichenbaum |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Anaesthesia, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States;2. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom;3. Department of Pathology, Immunology & Lab Medicine, University of Florida, United States;4. Faculty of Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom;5. Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Brompton Hospital, United Kingdom;6. Department of Leukocyte Biology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom;7. Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care & Pain Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom;8. Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care & Pain Medicine, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, United Kingdom;9. Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, United States;10. Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Manchester, United Kingdom;1. Department of Psychobiology/IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Spain;2. Multidisciplinary Epilepsy Unit/Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Six experimental groups and 2 control groups (N=48) were used to investigate the relative effectiveness of prolonged training of schizophrenics with contingent social and token reinforcement on (a) the level of abstraction as measured on a proverbs task, (b) the percentage of “sick talk” (% ST) emitted in a structured interview, (c) both verbal response classes of proverb abstraction and % ST. Prior to treatment, schizophrenic Ss compared with 20 nonpsychiatric hospitalized medical patients were significantly inferior on the proverbs task and emitted five times more ST in a structured interview. The results indicated that the experimental treatments were effective in decreasing % ST and increasing abstraction to proverbs with token reinforcement being most effective. Evidence for response and stimulus generalization was obtained. |
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