The semantic red effect: Processing the word red undermines intellectual performance |
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Authors: | Stephanie Lichtenfeld Markus A. Maier Andrew J. Elliot Reinhard Pekrun |
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Affiliation: | aUniversity of Munich, Germany;bStony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States;cUniversity of Rochester, New York, United States |
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Abstract: | Recent research has shown that a two second glimpse of color can have an important influence on affect, cognition, and behavior. The present research examined whether perceiving color is necessary to produce an effect on psychological functioning or whether the mere act of processing a color word might be sufficient. Specifically, four experiments tested the hypothesis that processing the word red undermines intellectual performance, much like actually perceiving the color red. Supportive data were obtained with three different types of subtle manipulation, with three different types of control words, and on two different types of IQ test performance. Worry, but not mood or general arousal, was shown to mediate the semantic red effect, which appears to take place outside of individuals’ awareness. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed. |
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Keywords: | Color Performance Semantic Red effect Avoidance |
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