损失规避的产生根源

损失规避是指由损失引发的负效用大于由等量收益引发的正效用的现象, 其产生根源能够从神经经济学和进化心理学两个方向进行解释。损失规避的脑机制分为两个系统：主观价值评价系统主要包括纹状体和前额皮层, 与主观价值的评估有关; 情绪唤醒系统主要包括杏仁核和脑岛, 与厌恶等消极情绪有关。在进化心理学的视角下, 通过回顾有关动物决策行为的研究来探索损失规避行为的进化历史, 并结合相关进化理论总结该行为产生的进化原因。未来可探索与行为损失规避相关的神经递质, 进一步研究损失规避的产生根源。

The Origin of Loss Aversion

Loss aversion refers to a phenomenon that the disutility of a loss is larger than the utility of an equivalent gain. Its origin can be explained from the aspects of neuroeconomics and evolutionary psychology. The brain mechanisms of loss aversion are divided into two systems—the subjective value evaluation system mainly including striatum and prefrontal cortex, which is associated with the assessment of subjective value; the emotional arousal system mainly including amygdala and insula, which is related to negative emotions like disgust. Under the framework of evolutionary psychology, the present paper reviews the researches of animal behavioral decision-making to explore the evolutionary history of loss aversion, and then summarizes its evolutionary explanations based on related evolutionary theories. Finally, the deficiencies existing in current research and the directions for future research are discussed.