Processing inferences at the semantics/pragmatics frontier: Disjunctions and free choice |
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| Institution: | 1. LSCP, EHESS, ENS, CNRS, France;2. School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK;1. School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom;2. School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom;3. School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, United Kingdom;4. Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, United Kingdom;1. Department of Linguistics and Cognitive Science, University of Delaware, 125 E. Main Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA;2. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA;1. Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom;2. Department of Linguistics and English Language, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom;3. Département de Langues et Lettres/LaDisco, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium;1. Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;2. Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany;3. Department of Linguistics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;4. Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany;1. Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria;2. Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;1. EXPRESS – Laboratory of Psychology of Language, Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology Unit, University of Genoa, Corso Andrea Podestà 2, 16128, Genoa, Italy;2. Laboratorio di Linguistica “G. Nencioni”, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56100 Pisa, Italy;3. Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture Straniere, Università Roma Tre, Via Ostiense 236, 00146 Rome, Italy;4. Center for Neurocognition, Epistemology and theoretical Syntax (NEtS), School of Advanced Study (IUSS), Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Linguistic inferences have traditionally been studied and categorized in several categories, such as entailments, implicatures or presuppositions. This typology is mostly based on traditional linguistic means, such as introspective judgments about phrases occurring in different constructions, in different conversational contexts. More recently, the processing properties of these inferences have also been studied (see, e.g., recent work showing that scalar implicatures is a costly phenomenon). Our focus is on free choice permission, a phenomenon by which conjunctive inferences are unexpectedly added to disjunctive sentences. For instance, a sentence such as “Mary is allowed to eat an ice-cream or a cake” is normally understood as granting permission both for eating an ice-cream and for eating a cake. We provide data from four processing studies, which show that, contrary to arguments coming from the theoretical literature, free choice inferences are different from scalar implicatures. |
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| Keywords: | Pragmatics Processing Free choice Scalar implicatures Inferences |
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