The Elusive Nature of Executive Functions: A Review of our Current Understanding |
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Authors: | María Beatriz Jurado Mónica Rosselli |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Psychology, Charles Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 2912 College Ave., Davie, FL 33314-7714, USA |
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Abstract: | Executive functions include abilities of goal formation, planning, carrying out goal-directed plans, and effective performance.
This article aims at reviewing some of the current knowledge surrounding executive functioning and presenting the contrasting
views regarding this concept. The neural substrates of the executive system are examined as well as the evolution of executive
functioning, from development to decline. There is clear evidence of the vulnerability of executive functions to the effects
of age over lifespan. The first executive function to emerge in children is the ability to inhibit overlearned behavior and
the last to appear is verbal fluency. Inhibition of irrelevant information seems to decline earlier than set shifting and
verbal fluency during senescence. The sequential progression and decline of these functions has been paralleled with the anatomical
changes of the frontal lobe and its connections with other brain areas. Generalization of the results presented here are limited
due to methodological differences across studies. Analysis of these differences is presented and suggestions for future research
are offered. |
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Keywords: | Executive Functions Frontal lobe Elderly Children Development |
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