Examining the relationship between athletes' achievement goal orientation and ability to employ imagery |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Kinesiology and Applied Health, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9 Canada;2. Department of Kinesiology, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA, 94542 USA;3. School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9 Canada;1. Department of Sport Psychology, University of Münster, Germany;2. Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium;3. Department of Movement and Sports Training, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium;4. Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Belgium;1. School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;2. Centre for Health Initiatives, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;3. School of Humanities and Social Inquiry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;1. Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany;2. Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Germany;3. School of Applied Science, London South Bank University, UK;1. University of Alberta, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, Canada;2. University of British Columbia, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Canada;3. University of British Columbia, School of Social Work, Canada;1. University of Heidelberg, Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Department of Sport Psychology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;2. University of Mannheim, School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, 68131 Mannheim, Germany;3. German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany;4. MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveImagery ability may be cognitively regulated by motivational states, thus it is important to determine the relationship between goal orientations and imagery ability. Design/Method: Participants were 272 male and female athletes, representing nine sports. Goal orientations and cognitive and motivational imagery abilities were assessed via questionnaires. Task and ego goal orientations were examined via a two-step cluster analysis procedure, resulting in the identification of four goal orientation clusters. Separate multivariate analyses were conducted to assess differences in cognitive imagery ability and motivational imagery ability for the clusters, with gender and sport type entered as covariates. Results: For cognitive imagery ability, gender had a significant effect for athletes with low task/low ego orientation; female athletes rated their internal imagery perspective as clearer and more vivid. Regarding motivational imagery ability, when sport type was controlled for, cluster membership demonstrated a significant multivariate effect. Goal orientations have a relationship with motivational imagery ability but this same relationship was not evident with cognitive imagery ability. Athletes with high task/high ego or high task/low ego goal orientations scored significantly higher on their ability to feel emotions and their ease of generating motivational general-mastery images compared to athletes with low task/high ego or low task/low ego orientations. No differences between goal orientation clusters were found for motivational general-arousal imagery ability. Conclusion: Athletes who have a high task orientation are very motivated and have an easy time forming mastery images and a high ability to experience the emotion of these images. |
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| Keywords: | Cognitive Motivational Task Ego |
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