Profiles of exercise dependence symptoms in Ironman participants |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;2. Centre for Health Initiatives, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;3. School of Humanities and Social Inquiry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;1. Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany;2. Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Germany;3. School of Applied Science, London South Bank University, UK;1. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal;2. Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal;1. Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran;2. Skin Research Center, Laboratory of Protein and Enzyme, ShahidBeheshti University (M.C.), Shohada-e Tajrish Hospital, Shahrdari St., 1989934148 Tehran, Iran;1. Centro de Investigação sobre Espaço e Organizações, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal;2. Instituto Universitário da Maia, Maia, Portugal;3. Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal;4. ISPA – Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal;1. Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK;2. School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston Upon Thames, UK;3. Sixdegrees Ltd, Budapest, Hungary |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveTo identify distinct profiles of Ironman participants based on levels of exercise dependence, and examine whether these profiles differed in relation to eating patterns and psychological distress.DesignCross-sectional survey study of 345 Ironman participants in Australia.Main outcome measuresExercise dependence symptoms were assessed via the Exercise Dependence Scale. Eating patterns were assessed via the three-factor eating questionnaire, and psychological distress measured using the Kessler 6 scale.ResultsLatent profile analysis identified five distinct profiles based on responses to the Exercise Dependence Scale, which were labelled: Asymptomatic; Time Committed; Low psychological dependence; Symptomatic; and At-risk. The At-risk and Symptomatic profiles had less healthy eating patterns and higher psychological distress compared with the other profiles.ConclusionsThese findings suggest important individual differences in the nature and severity of exercise dependence symptoms in Ironman participants. The majority of Ironman participants appeared to have a healthy involvement with Ironman. However, approximately 30% of Ironman participants belonged to the At-risk and Symptomatic profiles, which could reflect maladaptive patterns of exercise. |
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| Keywords: | Exercise dependence Latent profile analysis Psychological distress Eating cognitions |
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