Self-talk: Review and sport-specific model |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland;2. Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland;1. Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia;2. University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom;3. University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia;1. Federation University Australia, Australia;2. Technische Universität München, Germany;1. University of Lincoln, UK;2. University College Dublin, Ireland;3. Leeds Metropolitan University, UK;1. School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, 70 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool L3 5UA, UK;2. Faculty of Behavioral and Human Movement Sciences, VU University, van der Boechorsstraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | Self-talk is a key component of the sport psychology canon. Although self-talk has been widely endorsed by athletes and coaches as a performance enhancement strategy, a comprehensive model of self-talk in sport that might be used to guide systematic research has yet to be developed. This purpose of this paper is to: (a) review theory and research related to self-talk in sport; and (b) present a sport-specific model that builds upon existing theory and research, and addresses key questions related to self-talk. The paper begins with a definition of self-talk, developed with consideration of the discursive nature of inner speech and dual process theories. Extant self-talk models related to self-talk in sport are reviewed and serve as a foundation for a sport-specific model of self-talk. Components of the model (i.e., self-talk, System 1, System 2, behaviour, contextual factors, personal factors) are presented, the reciprocal relationships among model components are explored, and implications of the sport-specific model of self-talk are discussed. |
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| Keywords: | Inner speech Self-communication Dual process Sport psychology Theory |
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