Reproducible research in sport and exercise psychology: The role of sample sizes |
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| Institution: | 1. University of Heidelberg, Department of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 720, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany;2. German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, D-50933 Köln, Germany;1. Division of Sport Science, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Kangwon-do 200-701, South Korea;2. Department of Education, Korea University, South Korea;3. Division of Special Education, Department of Education, Yongin University, South Korea;4. Department of Education, Inha University, South Korea;1. Department of Data-analysis, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium;2. Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium;3. Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium;1. School of Health, University of Northampton, UK;2. Lab Sport and Social Environment, University of Grenoble, France;3. Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Greece;4. School of Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain;5. School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Australia;6. School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK;1. Iowa State University, USA;2. University of Potsdam, Germany |
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| Abstract: | ObjectivesWe aim to introduce the discussion on the crisis of confidence to sport and exercise psychology. We focus on an important aspect of this debate, the impact of sample sizes, by assessing sample sizes within sport and exercise psychology. Researchers have argued that publications in psychological research contain numerous false-positive findings and inflated effect sizes due to small sample sizes.MethodWe analyse the four leading journals in sport and exercise psychology regarding sample sizes of all quantitative studies published in these journals between 2009 and 2013. Subsequently, we conduct power analyses.ResultsA substantial proportion of published studies does not have sufficient power to detect effect sizes typical for psychological research. Sample sizes and power vary between research designs. Although many correlational studies have adequate sample sizes, experimental studies are often underpowered to detect small-to-medium effects.ConclusionsAs sample sizes are small, research in sport and exercise psychology may suffer from false-positive results and inflated effect sizes, while at the same time failing to detect meaningful small effects. Larger sample sizes are warranted, particularly in experimental studies. |
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| Keywords: | Replicability Power False positive Effect size Research methods |
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