Doping use in sport teams: The development and validation of measures of team-based efficacy beliefs and moral disengagement from a cross-national perspective |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Largo L. De Bosis, 15-00135 Roma, Italy;2. Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Heart of the Campus Building, Collegiate Crescent Collegiate Campus, Sheffield S10 2BR, United Kingdom;3. Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza-University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78-00185 Rome, Italy;4. Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University, University Campus at Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;5. Sport and Exercise Psychology, University Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany;1. Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Universitetsgatan 2, 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden;2. Department of Psychology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden;1. University of Birmingham, United Kingdom;2. University of New South Wales, Australia;1. Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Christiesgate 12, 5020 Bergen, Norway;2. Department of Testing, Investigation and Legal, Anti-Doping Norway, Sognsveien 75F, 0855 Oslo, Norway;3. Department of Prevention and Public Health, Anti-Doping Norway, Sognsveien 75F, 0855 Oslo, Norway;4. Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien 220, 0806 Oslo, Norway;5. Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien 220, 0806 Oslo, Norway;1. Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada;2. Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, USA;3. Korean Institute of Sport Science, 27 Hwarang-lo Nowon-gu Seoul, 139–242, Korea |
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| Abstract: | ObjectivesThe main goal of this research focused on the development and validation of three instruments designed to assess athletes' self-regulatory efficacy in team contexts, team collective efficacy and team moral disengagement with relevance for doping use across three European countries.DesignThe research relied on three distinct studies. A first qualitative study focused on item development. The second study assessed the factor structure and internal reliability of each of the new team instruments. The third study provided evidence for instrument validity by assessing the hypothesis that efficacy measures and moral disengagement would contribute to team athletes' doping intentions. The latter two studies also focused on the relations among measures and on measurement reliability, both within and across countries.MethodThe first study relied on focus group data collected from twenty-one team sport professionals (mean age = 34; SD = 11.65). Four hundred and fourteen adolescent athletes (mean age = 16.69; SD = 1.55) participated in the second study, whereas seven hundred forty-nine adolescent team athletes (mean age = 16.43; SD = 1.69) participated in the third study. For the latter two studies, team athletes were recruited across Italy, Germany and Greece and provided data on the new team measures. Only athletes participating in the third study provided data on doping intentions.ResultsThe findings of the three studies supported the empirical goals of the investigation and provided evidence for the factor structure, reliability and validity of the team instruments. Furthermore, multi-group findings supported the hypothesis that the new instruments would have equivalent measurement and validity characteristics across the three European countries. The conclusions focus on the conceptual and practical implications of these findings. |
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| Keywords: | Adolescents Self-regulatory efficacy Collective efficacy Confirmative factor analysis Item development Social cognitive theory |
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