Coaching cues in amateur boxing: An analysis of ringside feedback provided between rounds of competition |
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| Institution: | 1. Physiology Discipline, Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Crescent, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia;2. Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Exercise & Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia;3. Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA;1. Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory of Perception and Performance, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Tervuursevest 101 (Box 1501), B-3001 Leuven, Belgium;2. Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Tiensestraat 102 (Box 3711), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;3. Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 720, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;4. Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany;5. Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Brunel University London, United Kingdom;6. Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands;7. Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands;1. St Mary’s University, Waldegrave Road, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK;2. University of Portsmouth, Spinnaker Building, Cambridge Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2ER, UK;1. School of Kinesiology & Health Studies, Queen''s University, 28 Division St., Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada;2. Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, USA;1. University of Nevada, Las Vegas, United States;2. Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic;3. Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, United States;4. University of Southern California, United States;1. Neurorestoration Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;2. Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;3. Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Services, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA;4. Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA, USA |
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| Abstract: | Feedback is commonly employed to enhance motor learning and performance. While numerous studies have investigated the causal effects of feedback on motor learning, an analysis of real-time feedback provided during training and competitive sporting environments is lacking. Therefore, the feedback provided by 12 boxing coaches to athletes between rounds of the 2015 Australian Boxing Championships was recorded and transcribed. The feedback statements were then analyzed according to three feedback variables that have been shown to be critical for optimizing performance: Attentional focus (external, internal, neutral), autonomy support (autonomy-supportive, controlling, neutral), and feedback valence (positive, negative, neutral). Collectively, 445 feedback statements provided during 25 bouts, of which 14 were won and 11 were lost, were analyzed for each of the three categories. Coaches provided on average 8 feedback statements per round. Excluding neutral statements, coaches delivered more internal (15%) compared with external focus feedback (6%), more controlling (53%) compared with autonomy-supportive feedback (6%), and more positive (29%) relative to negative feedback (12%). Furthermore, during winning bouts coaches delivered less internal (12% vs. 19%), less controlling (48% vs. 58%), and more positive (36% vs. 18%) feedback, when compared with losing bouts. These results demonstrate for the first time the type and frequency of feedback delivered during amateur boxing bouts. While these findings may or may not reflect causal relationships, it is interesting that feedback that has been found to enhance motor performance was more often used during winning rather than losing bouts. |
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| Keywords: | Instructions Augmented-feedback Coaching cues Attentional focus Combat sports |
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