Individual,relationship, and context factors associated with parent support and pressure in organized youth sport |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Family, Consumer, and Human Development, Utah State University, United States;2. Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, United States;3. Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, United States;1. University of Ottawa, Canada;2. Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada;3. Université du Québec en Outaouais, Canada;1. Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Universitetsgatan 2, 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden;2. Department of Psychology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden;1. Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise, and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, UK;2. Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Wales, UK;3. Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK;1. German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany;2. Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA;1. Illinois State University, School of Kinesiology and Recreation, USA;2. The Ohio State University, College of Social Work, USA;3. The Ohio State University, College of Education and Human Ecology, USA;4. Unviersity of South Carolina, College of Social Work, USA |
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| Abstract: | ObjectivesWe examined the association of multiple process, person, and context factors (Bronfenbrenner, 2005) with parents’ involvement (support and pressure) in sport. Specifically, we examined (a) the concordance among self, partner, and child reports of fathers and mothers for key study variables, and (b) prediction of parent support and pressure in youth sport by warmth and conflict in the parent–child relationship, parent positive and negative affect, and mastery and ego dimensions of the coach-created motivational climate.DesignCross-sectional survey.MethodSelf-reports of study variables were collected from athletes (ages 11–13 years) and parents from participating families (final N = 201). Multitrait-multimethod analysis was used to address the first study aim and multivariate multiple regression analysis for the second aim.ResultsValues for concordance among reporters were largely significant and in hypothesized directions, yet were of modest magnitude and suggested low reporter agreement (Cohen's κ range = −.07–.35). Multivariate relationships were significant and were of low to moderate magnitude (Rd range = .04–.22). Canonical loadings showed that warmth, positive affect, and mastery climate positively associate with support, whereas conflict, negative affect, and ego climate positively associate with pressure from fathers and mothers. Conflict and positive affect positively associated with support and pressure in some functions, suggesting complexity in interpretations of parent involvement.ConclusionFindings support the adaptive role of parent-child warmth, positive parent affect, and coach-created mastery motivational climate in youth sport; however, low concordance of reporter perceptions must be considered when pursuing family-related questions in sport. |
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| Keywords: | Child–parent relationship Parent involvement PPCT model Sport parenting |
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