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The role of the affect heuristic and cancer anxiety in responding to negative information about medical tests |
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| Authors: | Laura D. Scherer Victoria A. Shaffer Tanner Caverly Aaron M. Scherer Brian J. Zikmund-Fisher Jeffrey T. Kullgren |
| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA;2. Department of Health Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA;3. VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;4. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;5. Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;6. Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;7. Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;8. Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA;9. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;10. Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;11. Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA |
| Abstract: | Objective: Little is known about the affective implications of communicating negative information about medical tests. This research explored how affective processes – particularly the Affect Heuristic and cancer anxiety – influence the way in which people respond to such information. Design: Participants received different types of information about PSA screening for prostate cancer and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans for migraine headaches. This was a 2 (Test harm information: present vs. absent) × 2 (Test benefit information: present vs. absent) × 2 (Test recommendation: present vs. absent) between-participants design. Outcome Measures: Perceived risk, perceived benefit and general attitudes towards PSA and MRI testing, cancer anxiety, preferences to receive the tests vs. not. Results: As predicted by the Affect Heuristic, test harm information reduced perceived test benefits. However, information about uncertain test benefit did not increase perceived test risks. Information about the test reduced cancer anxiety, indicating defensive coping. These variables – affect, anxiety, perceived risks and benefits – all uniquely predicted test preferences. Conclusion: Affective processes play an important role in how people respond to and interpret negative information about medical tests. Information about harms and information about the lack of benefit can both make a test seem less beneficial, and will reduce cancer anxiety as a result. |
| Keywords: | affect heuristic protection motivation theory cancer anxiety risk perceptions overdiagnosis PSA screening |