Habit modification through threatened loss of money |
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| Authors: | L S Stephen K P Koenig |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana''a University, Sana''a, Yemen;2. Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Sana''a, Yemen;3. Faculty of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia;4. Department of Biology, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Science, Sana''a University, Sana''a, Yemen;5. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan;1. Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde-Norte, CESPU, Portugal;2. Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), CESPU; Department of Orthodontics, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde-Norte, CESPU, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal;1. Biofilm Research Cluster and Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India;2. Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;1. Universidad Científica del Sur, School of Dentistry, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Calle Los Girasoles 194 Dpto. 302, Valle Hermoso, Surco, Lima, Peru;2. Universidad Científica del Sur, Division of Orthodontics and Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Lima, Peru;3. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, Bogotá D.C, Colombia;4. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Bogotá D.C, Colombia;5. University of São Paulo, Bauru Dental School, Department of Orthodontics, São Paulo, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Speculative attention has often been drawn to chronic nail-biting and there are abundant hypotheses concerning the etiology and maintenance of the habit. For example, Menninger (1935) considered it to be an equivalent for masturbation whereas Rosow (1954) has suggested that the behavior may be regarded as attenuated suicide. Studies of systematic treatment of nail-biting, however, are relatively rare. Two exceptions include the use of negative practice reported by Smith (1957) and the application of aversion by means of a pocket-portable shocking device (Bucher, 1968).Many young adults define severe nail-biting as a significant problem for them in terms of both physical discomfort and as a socially offensive trait. Nail-biting also serves as a useful response paradigm in behavior therapy studies because it us reliably observed and measured. |
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