从归因视角探讨公共物品两难中惩罚系统对合作的影响

社会两难中惩罚系统对合作的影响是当前的一个研究热点。前人研究发现惩罚系统可以促进合作,但也有学者提出惩罚系统对合作动机具有破坏作用,存在不一致结论。且这些研究大多只关注金钱惩罚而忽略了社会惩罚。本文采用2(惩罚类型:金钱,社会)×2(惩罚频率:高,低)×2(阶段:有惩罚,无惩罚)混合设计,利用"惩罚撤除"实验范式,比较了社会高低频惩罚和金钱高低频惩罚对合作、归因以及预期的影响。并探讨了合作、归因、预期之间的相互关系,结果发现:(1)金钱和社会惩罚均可提高被试合作水平;(2)金钱高频惩罚减少了对合作行为的内归因,惩罚撤除后合作行为下降,而低频惩罚没有出现下降效应;(3)社会惩罚增加了对合作的内归因,高低频惩罚在移除之后均保持较高水平,且之前的惩罚频率越高,保持效果越好;(4)合作、预期与内归因正相关,外归因负相关,同时合作与预期正相关。

The Influence of Sanction System on cooperation in Public Good Games from Attributional Perspective

The influence of sanction on cooperation is one of the most focused problems today. Many previous studies found sanction system can enhance cooperation in social dilemmas, but some other research revealed that sanction can also undermine cooperation. However, these studies mainly focused on monetary sanction. This study used a 2（ sanction type： monetary, social） x 2（ sanction frequency： high, low） x 2（ phase： sanction, no sanction）mixed design and the ＂Removing The Sanction＂ paradigm, to compare the cooperation, attribution, expectation under monetary sanctions with those under social sanctions of different frequencies. We found that： （1） the high frequency monetary sanction undermined the internal attribution and expectation of cooperation which led to the decrease of cooperation while low frequency did not; （2） In con- trary, social sanction enhanced the consideration of moral factors as well as attribution of cooperation to the internal quality, as a result, maintaining cooperation at a relatively high level and the higher sanction frequency is the higher the level cooperation mainmined; （3） Cooperation and expectation are positively correlated with internal attribution, and negatively correlated with external attrlbution.