The multiple determination of well-being: Independent effects of positive traits,needs, goals,selves, social supports,and cultural contexts |
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Authors: | Kennon M. Sheldon Tan H. Hoon |
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Affiliation: | (1) Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA |
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Abstract: | Although most researchers acknowledge that subjective well-being (SWB) is multiply determined, little research and theory simultaneously considers the effects of many types of determinants, located at many different levels of analysis. Guided by a six-level model of “optimal human being” (Sheldon, 2004, ‚Optimal Human Being: An Integrated Multi-level Perspective’ (Erlbaum, Mahwah, N.J.)), we tested the hypothesis that psychological need-satisfaction, a positive Big Five trait profile, good personal goal-progress, high self-esteem, positive social support, and a happiness-conducing cultural membership would each uniquely predict SWB. These hypotheses were confirmed, supporting the hierarchical perspective and irreducibility assumption that under-girded the research. Implications for SWB theory and interventions, and for the task of integrating the many different types of personality constructs that exist, are discussed. |
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Keywords: | subjective well-being personality hierarchies culture |
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