走神研究的理论、方法与展望

走神是一种将注意从当前主要任务转移到内部思维的认知现象，具有刺激独立、任务无关、主观自发等特点。其测量方法以主观报告法为主，同时也采用行为实验、电生理技术和认知神经科学等方法。本文重点回顾了走神的二分结构、负面结果和潜在功能等方面的研究成果。然后，在此基础上，从走神的发生机制及其与执行控制的关系角度，介绍了三个理论观点：执行资源假设、控制失败假设和资源控制假设。根据最新研究进展预测，未来对走神概念将会做更细致的区分，并考虑结合元认知监测相关理论进行研究，这不仅可以为学习者提供具体的指导建议，还将进一步加深我们对意识、元认知和注意的理解。

Mind-wandering: Phenomenon,Mechanism and Implications

Mind-wandering is a common everyday experience for everyone, which refers to a shift of attention away from a primary task toward internal trains of thought. Given the spontaneous and subjective nature of MW, existing measurements typically rely on subjective reports, and some behavioral markers, electro-physiological measures and neurocognitive activity measurements have also been applied to the assessment of MW. After reviewing the studies about the dichotomy of mind-wandering, its negative results and potential functions, we discussed three recent theoretical perspectives proposed to explain how MW occur and its relationship with executive control: executive-resource hypothesis, control-failure hypothesis and resource control account. A more detailed distinction of the concept of MW in the future and a possible combination of metacognitive monitoring theories will provide not only concrete recommendations to learners and instruction, but new insights into consciousness, attention, and metacognition as well.