Establishment and generalization of aversion effects to alcoholic beverages in rats |
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| Authors: | J J Franchina D W Gilley J Ness M Dodd |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Integrated Studies Program and Department of History and Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;2. School of Mathematics and Statistics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK;1. Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium;2. ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), ULB, Brussels, Belgium;3. WELBIO, ULB, Brussels, Belgium;4. Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland;5. Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands;6. Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA;7. Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA;8. Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands;1. Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK;2. Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QD, UK;3. Department of Mathematics, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005-5505, USA;1. Department of Ecology – Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universtät Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany;2. Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitzplatz 2, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;3. Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | Two experiments investigated whether the establishment of aversion to alcoholic beverages resulted from aversion conditioning to the taste/flavor characteristics of ethanol or to the specific characteristics of particular beverage(s) (i.e. ethanol + congeners). In Experiment 1 rats (n = 72) received a pairing of whiskey, bourbon, rum or ethanol, each at a 5% ethanol concentration, with an injection of 0.15 M LiCl. Relative to toxin and to beverage control groups, aversion effects to whiskey and bourbon were greater than those to ethanol, aversion effects to rum being intermediate. In Experiment 2 rats (n = 162) received whiskey, rum or ethanol paired with an LiCl injection and were tested for aversion to the conditioning beverage and to each of the other beverages. Relative to controls, aversion effects were generally greater to the conditioning beverage than to the generalization test beverages. Generalization depended upon which alcoholic beverage was the conditioning beverage and which, the generalization test beverage. Specifically, conditioning to whiskey yielded a reliable generalization gradient: greater aversion effects to whiskey, than to rum, than to ethanol. Conditioning to rum yielded similar aversion effects to whiskey and ethanol. Conditioning to ethanol produced comparable aversion to ethanol and whiskey and reliably less to rum. |
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