Familial Association and Frequency of Learning Disabilities in ADHD Sibling Pair Families |
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Authors: | Melissa Del’Homme Tae S Kim Sandra K Loo May H Yang Susan L Smalley |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 1416, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6967, USA;(2) Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA |
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Abstract: | In a sample of 235 families with at least two children with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), the frequency
and familial association of learning disabilities (LD) were assessed. Familiality was examined both between sibling pairs
and between parents and their children. Two methods for defining LD, a discrepancy-based and a low-achievement model, were
employed to examine the occurrence of LD in this sample. The specific types of LD examined included Reading Disability (RD),
Math Disability (MD), and Writing Disability (WD). The prevalence rates were highest for RD, followed by WD then MD. The two
definitions of LD yielded similar prevalence rates but identified different groups of children with vastly different IQ scores.
Strong familial association was demonstrated for RD both between sibling pairs and between parents and children, with weaker
association for WD. There was evidence of nonrandom mating for LD among parents, but not for ADHD or for ADHD + LD. Despite
the high comorbidity of ADHD and LD among parents, the presence of ADHD in the parents did not predict child LD supporting
independent familial factors underlying ADHD and LD. |
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Keywords: | Learning disability Reading disability Discrepancy ADHD Genetics |
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