多元语言文化对个体情境下与社会情境下认知转换功能的差异性影响——来自锡伯族的证据

多民族国家由多个民族和族群组成。个体处于各种民族关系或族群关系中,需要与其他民族或族群的人协作。"西迁"使我国的锡伯族分居于新疆和东北,走上了不同的发展道路。新疆锡伯族处于多元语言文化中,不仅保留了本民族的语言和文字,也汲取了周边民族的语言文化营养;而东北锡伯族则与汉族融合,逐渐失去了本民族的语言和文字,转用汉语和汉字。采用经典认知转换任务和联合认知转换任务,对比新疆锡伯族和东北锡伯族在个体情境下和社会情境下的认知转换功能差异,探讨多元语言文化对个体情境下与社会情境下认知转换功能的影响。结果发现,在个体情境下,新疆锡伯族的转换代价更小;在社会情境下,新疆锡伯族的联合机制更容易被激活,他们分配认知资源去表征同伴的任务,自我–他人的整合程度更高,转换代价更大。整个研究表明,多元语言文化对认知转换功能具有不同的影响:促进个体情境下的认知转换功能,降低社会情境下的认知转换功能。本研究的结果为多民族国家的文化和心理建设提供了重要启示。

The influence of multilingualism and multiculturalism on individual and social switching: Evidence from the Xibe

Humans are quintessentially social, yet much of cognitive psychology has focused on the individual, in individual settings. The literature on joint action is one of the most prominent exceptions. Joint-action research studies the sociality of our mental representations by examining how the tasks of other people around us affect our own task performance. Executive functions are a family of general-purpose cognitive processes that allow us to regulate cognition. The main executive functions are inhibition, shifting, and updating of working memory. Growing evidence suggests that executive functions can be automatically activated in non-social contexts as well as social ones. It is necessary to test whether people automatically engage in doing the tasks their partners do even when it requires executive functions.