Organizational downsizing and stress-related illness

Epidemiological evidence of physical correlates of stress for midlevel workers threatened by organizational restructuring, reorganization, and downsizing was obtained for seamen in the U. S. merchant fleet, an industry which has lost 75% of its jobs in a working lifetime. Illness reports of 22,763 seamen were analyzed to ascertain the relationship between job-related and situational stress factors and the occurrence of eight stress-related diseases (cardiovascular disease, hypertension, heart attack, psychoneurosis, suicide, peptic ulcer-gastritis, arthritis, and asthma). Rank difference was revealed as the primary determinant of disease occurrence rate. The licensed group, midlevel managers in both deck and engine departments, showed a significantly higher percentage of stress related illness than did the unlicensed group. Licensed deck personnel showed higher rates of cardiovascular disease, heart attack, psychoneurosis, suicide, and asthma. Licensed engine personnel showed higher rates of heart attack and asthma. Explanations for high stress levels among licensed personnel center around declining job opportunity due to downsizing and end-of-career anxiety. Other factors include the burdens of supervisory responsibility in an era of eroding management authority, accommodation to technological and situational change, and general aging of the merchant marine workforce.