Question format shifts bias away from the emphasised response in tests of recognition memory |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany;2. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;3. Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany;4. Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia;5. Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany;1. Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;2. School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;3. Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;1. Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Edificio F, Facultad de Medicina-UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico, DF, Mexico;2. Clínica de Trastornos Afectivos, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Dr. Ramón de la Fuente”, Mexico, DF Mexico;3. Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Dr. Ramón de la Fuente”, Mexico, DF Mexico;4. Clínica de Esquizofrenia, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Dr. Ramón de la Fuente”, Mexico, DF Mexico;5. Subdirección de Servicios Clínicos, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Dr. Ramón de la Fuente”, Mexico, DF Mexico;6. Servicios de Atención Psiquiátrica, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico, DF Mexico;7. Universidad Panamericana. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico, DF Mexico;8. Programa de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências da Saúde da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | The question asked to interrogate memory has potential to influence response bias at retrieval, yet has not been systematically investigated. According to framing effects in the field of eyewitness testimony, retrieval cueing effects in cognitive psychology and the acquiescence bias in questionnaire responding, the question should establish a confirmatory bias. Conversely, according to findings from the rewarded decision-making literature involving mixed incentives, the question should establish a disconfirmatory bias. Across three experiments (ns = 90 [online], 29 [laboratory] and 29 [laboratory]) we demonstrate a disconfirmatory bias – “old?” decreased old responding. This bias is underpinned by a goal-driven mechanism wherein participants seek to maximise emphasised response accuracy at the expense of frequency. Moreover, we demonstrate that disconfirmatory biases can be generated without explicit reference to the goal state. We conclude that subtle aspects of the test environment influence retrieval to a greater extent than has been previously considered. |
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| Keywords: | Episodic memory Recognition Decision-making Evaluation Response bias Goal-directed cognition |
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