Exploring the perceptual biases associated with believing and disbelieving in paranormal phenomena |
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| Institution: | 1. Posgrado de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, C.P. 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico;2. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología comisionado al Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, Paseo Cuauhnáhuac 8532, Col. Progreso, C.P. 62550 Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico;3. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico;4. Centro de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, C.P. 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico;5. Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro, 8701 Colonia San José de la Huerta, C.P. 58089 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico;1. Dipartimento d’Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy;2. Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale, 84, 00146 Roma, Italy;1. Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada;2. Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA;3. Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK;4. Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;5. Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;1. Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK;2. Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK;3. Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK;4. Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK;5. Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA |
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| Abstract: | Ninety-five participants (32 believers, 30 disbelievers and 33 neutral believers in the paranormal) participated in an experiment comprising one visual and one auditory block of trials. Each block included one ESP, two degraded stimuli and one random trial. Each trial included 8 screens or epochs of “random” noise. Participants entered a guess if they perceived a stimulus or changed their mind about stimulus identity, rated guesses for confidence and made notes during each trial. Believers and disbelievers did not differ in the number of guesses made, or in their ability to detect degraded stimuli. Believers displayed a trend toward making faster guesses for some conditions and significantly higher confidence and more misidentifications concerning guesses than disbelievers. Guesses, misidentifications and faster response latencies were generally more likely in the visual than auditory conditions. ESP performance was no different from chance. ESP performance did not differ between belief groups or sensory modalities. |
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| Keywords: | Paranormal belief Skepticism Type I error Type II error Apophenia Degraded stimuli Extrasensory perception Creativity Implicit detection system |
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