The worker scale: Developing a measure to explain gender differences in behavioral self-handicapping |
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| Authors: | Sean M. McCrea Edward R. Hirt Kristin L. Hendrix Bridgett J. Milner Nathan L. Steele |
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| Affiliation: | aDepartment of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany;bDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA;cCollege of Business and Management, University of Illinois at Springfield, Springfield, IL 62703, USA |
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| Abstract: | Research has consistently found that men engage in more behavioral self-handicapping than do women. We first review evidence suggesting that these gender differences result from women placing more importance on displaying effort than do men. We then present the results of two studies seeking to develop measures of beliefs about effort that might explain these gender differences in behavioral self-handicapping. Women, across a wide range of measures, placed more importance on effort than did men. However, only a new measure of more personalized effort beliefs, dubbed the Worker scale, uniquely explained gender differences in dispositional tendency to behaviorally self-handicap. The Worker scale also predicted academic performance, consistent with the notion that these effort beliefs would predict engagement in actual behavioral self-handicaps that undermine performance. |
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| Keywords: | Self-handicapping Gender differences Achievement |
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