空间情境模型建立和更新的影响因素

采用混合实验设计，以含有空间信息的语篇为实验材料，选取不同视空间工作记忆广度的大学生作为被试，利用新的实验范式分离了空间情境模型的建立过程和更新过程，对这两个过程在不同时间模式下的加工特点进行分析，考察了空间情境模型建立和更新的影响因素。研究发现：（1）视空间工作记忆广度影响空间情境模型的建立，但不影响空间情境模型的更新。（2）时间模式既影响空间情境模型的建立又影响空间情境模型的更新。（3）方位对空间情境模型的建立有显著影响，对空间模型的更新没有显著影响。在空间情境模型的建立和更新过程中，前后判断的准确性不易受限时的影响，而左右判断的准确性则易受到限时的影响而显著降低，前后方位效应具有稳定性和优势性

Factors Affecting the Process of Spatial Situation Model Constructing and Updating

Introduction The mental models of a text are representations of its situations:what it is about rather than the text itself.Franklin & Tversky(1990) investigated when people constructed the spatial situation and how they discriminated objects on different directions and the direction effect was found.The researcher used the "Egocentric Framework" to explain it.It is now commonly agreed that the working memory plays an important role in the cognitive process. Therefore,we investigated,in the present study,how the working memory span and direction affected the process of spatial situation model constructing and updating. Method Participants: The participants were 16 low-span and 16 high-span adults.Materials: 6 texts.There were 5 sentences in each text that described a spatial model.Design: The first independent variable,span:high or low,was manipulated between the subjects.The second independent variable,time pattern:unlimited-time or limited-time,was manipulated within the subjects.The third independent variable,direction:left-right or front-back,was manipulated within the subjects.The number of the correct-or-wrong-judgment sentences was the dependent variable.Procedure: Experimental texts were presented in two time patterns the limited-time pattern and the unlimited pattern.The former was defined as 4000ms and the latter meant the subjects could study the text as long as they wanted.Once they finished the text study,they should judge whether each sentence about the text was correct or not by keying in "J" for "correct" or "F" for "wrong". Results Repeated-measure ANOVAs were conducted for Experiments 1 and 2. In the analysis of Experiment 1 with the performance of the spatial situation model constructing task used as the dependent variable,there were main effects of span,F(1,30)= 4.800,p< 0.05,direction,F(1,30)=61.294,p < 0.001,and time pattern,F(1,30)=29.925,p < 0.001,and an interaction between direction and time pattern,F(1,30)=23.508,p< 0.001.There was no obvious difference between the two time patterns on the front-back judgments, but the performance of the unlimited-time task was better than that of the limited-time task in the process of left-right judgments.In the analysis of Experiment 2 with the performance of the spatial situation model updating task used as the dependent variable,there were a main effect of time pattern,F(1,30)=18.274,p < 0.001 and an interaction between direction and time pattern,F(1,30)=7.226,p< 0.05).There was no significant difference between the two time patterns on the front-back judgments,but the performance of the unlimitedtime task was better than that of the limited-time task in the process of left-right judgments.No other main effects or interactions were significant. Conclusions On the basis of the results,we draw conclusions as follows.First,the visuospatial working memory span affects the process of the spatial model constructing,but does not affect the process of the spatial situation model updating.Second,the time pattern affects the process of both the model constructing and updating.Finally,the direction only affects the process of the spatial situation model constructing.During the processes of the spatial situation model constructing and updating,the judgment of the front-back position is not affected by the time-limited pattern,but nevertheless the judgment of the right-left position is affected by the time-limited pattern.The effect of the front-back position is stable and superior.