Crowding and stress: 2. A personal space approach |
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Authors: | Ian Vine |
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Institution: | (1) Interdisciplinary Human Studies, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, BD7 1DP Bradford |
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Abstract: | The concept of ‘personal space’ has sometimes been invoked in attempts to explain stressful effects of crowding; but the literature
on personal space reveals divergent findings according to the definitions and methods of measurement used. Redefinitions are
proposed whereby personal space preferences can be seen as mediating our reactions to the spatial proximity of others, according
to a dynamic model which considers both task-related needs for physical space and privacy needs, together with concern over
social norms and attributions.
It is argued that perceived illegitimate invasion of the personal space one claims is likely to give rise to stress effects
if coping responses fail. Thus crowding is likely to be stressful in many natural contexts where personal space is intruded
upon frequently, especially when attributions of intentional thwarting are made. Further theoretical advances in this area
must rest upon more precise specification of processes by which social relationships, situational variables, and subjective
motivational, perceptual, and evaluative factors jointly determine an agent’s personal space claims and associated reactions
to spatial invasion. |
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Keywords: | |
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