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FATHER–CHILD INTERACTIONS AT 3 MONTHS AND 24 MONTHS: CONTRIBUTIONS TO CHILDREN'S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AT 24 MONTHS
Authors:Vaheshta Sethna  Emily Perry  Jill Domoney  Jane Iles  Lamprini Psychogiou  Natasha E.L. Rowbotham  Alan Stein  Lynne Murray  Paul G. Ramchandani
Affiliation:1. King's College London;2. Imperial College London;3. University of Exeter;4. University of Oxford;5. University of Reading and Stellenbosch University
Abstract:The quality of father–child interactions has become a focus of increasing research in the field of child development. We examined the potential contribution of father–child interactions at both 3 months and 24 months to children's cognitive development at 24 months. Observational measures of father–child interactions at 3 and 24 months were used to assess the quality of fathers’ parenting (n = 192). At 24 months, the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition (N. Bayley, 1993 ) measured cognitive functioning. The association between interactions and cognitive development was examined using multiple linear regression analyses, adjusting for paternal age, education and depression, infant age, and maternal sensitivity. Children whose fathers displayed more withdrawn and depressive behaviors in father–infant interactions at 3 months scored lower on the MDI at 24 months. At 24 months, children whose fathers were more engaged and sensitive as well as those whose fathers were less controlling in their interactions scored higher on the MDI. These findings were independent of the effects of maternal sensitivity. Results indicate that father–child interactions, even from a very young age (i.e., 3 months) may influence children's cognitive development. They highlight the potential significance of interventions to promote positive parenting by fathers and policies that encourage fathers to spend more time with their young children.
Keywords:father–  child interactions  cognitive development  early parenting  child development  father–  infant interactions  interacciones papá  ‐niñ  o  desarrollo cognitivo  crianza temprana  desarrollo del niñ  o  interacciones papá  ‐infante  interactions pè  re‐enfant    veloppement cognitif  parentage pré  coce    veloppement de l'enfant  interactions pè  re‐bé        ter‐Kind‐Interaktionen  kognitive Entwicklung  frü  he Elternschaft  Kinderentwicklung  Vater‐Sä  ugling‐Interaktionen                                                                                                              
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