Expectancy for airpuff and conditioned eyeblinks in humans |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom;2. Department of Paediatric Neuropsychology, The Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom;3. Department of Neurosurgery, The Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom;4. Department of Neurology, The Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom;1. Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49 – Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;2. Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;1. Departamento de Nutrición y Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y de los Alimentos, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile;2. Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile;1. Cognitive Development Center, Central European University, Budapest 1051, Hungary;2. Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK;1. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;2. National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland |
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| Abstract: | Three experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that expectancy for an unconditioned stimulus (US) serves as an intervening variable in the well-documented empirical relationship between the awareness of stimulus contingencies and the occurrence of conditioned reactions (CR) in human classical conditioning. Experiment 1 showed that, when subjects are instructed to respond by keypressing to US in a conditioning-like procedure, reaction (RT) provides the same kind of information as a direct rating of expectancy. In experiment 2, the RT task was superimposed on an otherwise standard eyeblink conditioning procedure. Reliable discriminative conditioning failed to occur, although changes in RT give evidence of increasing expectancy for US. Experiment 3 aimed to repeat experiment 2 with several modifications in procedure, intended to facilitate conditioning. The between-subjects correlation between RT to US and frequency of eyeblink CRs was reasonably high (-0.52). However, when consecutive trials were considered, a shift was apparent between the two variables: RT changes occurred earlier than CR development. The implications of these results with respect to the expectancy theory of conditioning are discussed. |
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