Youth belonging and cognitive engagement in organized activities: A large-scale field study |
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Authors: | Thomas Akiva Kai S. Cortina Jacquelynne S. Eccles Charles Smith |
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Affiliation: | 1. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States;2. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States;3. David P. Weikart Center for Youth Program Quality, Ypsilanti, MI, United States |
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Abstract: | Numerous studies of organized activities have found that participation is associated with a range of positive outcomes; however, findings from recent randomized trials have been more mixed. Understanding youth's psychological experiences of program involvement – their cognitive and emotional reaction to and participation in activities – may be key to understanding the influence of organized activities. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to investigate correlates of youth belonging and cognitive engagement in a sample of 1160 youth in 123 program offerings in 66 sites. Results revealed that intensity (frequency) of exposure positively predicted belonging and cognitive engagement; however, duration was negatively associated with cognitive engagement. The staff practice of providing a welcoming atmosphere predicted belonging; whereas provision of active skill-building predicted cognitive engagement. These relations were found to vary across content type. |
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Keywords: | Youth development After-school Out-of-school time programs Youth engagement Belonging Hierarchical linear modeling |
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