The transtheoretical model of change: Examples from stammering

Procaska and DiClemente's model of intentional change was initially associated with the field of addiction but has been more recently used in the treatment of a broad range of difficulties. Examples in this article come mainly from therapy with adults who stammer. The model explores how people initiate and maintain change and is based on empirical evidence. It comprises 3 dimensions. Ten processes describe the ‘how' of change. Five levels outline the ‘what' of change, arranged hierarchically from sympom/situational to intrapersonal conflicts level. The five stages of change, the ‘when' of change are described here in some detail, together with ideas for the most suitable therapeutic approaches to be used at each.