消极元刻板印象激活对老年人认知表现的影响

本研究以59名老年人为研究对象，采用N-back认知任务探讨在不同难度的认知负荷任务中老年人消极元刻板印象激活的认知效应。结果发现：1、消极元刻板印象激活组的正确率显著低于未激活组；高认知负荷任务组的正确率显著低于低认知负荷任务组。2、消极元刻板印象激活组的反应时显著长于未激活组；高认知负荷任务组的反应时显著长于低认知负荷任务组；组别与任务难度之间交互作用达到边缘显著，在低认知负荷任务中，消极元刻板印象激活组和未激活组的反应时差异不显著，在高认知负荷任务中，消极元刻板印象激活组的反应时显著长于未激活组。上述结果表明，老年人消极元刻板印象的激活导致了负面的认知效应。

The Effects of Negative Meta-stereotype Activation on CognitivePerformance among the elderly

With the degree of the aged phenomenon becoming more serious in our country, the health and cognitive problems of the elderly gradually become the focus of social attention. Previous studies found that not only the outgroup had negative stereotypes against the elderly, such as weak, obstinate and forgetful, but also the elderly themselves thought they were discriminated by outgroup because of their decline in memory, cognitive ability and creativity. That is to say that the elderly has negative meta-stereotypes. Meta-stereotype is the belief or awareness that ingroup members holds what outgroup members think of them. The valence of meta-stereotype is mostly negative, and meta-stereotype is more likely to be activated in the vulnerable group, for example, the elderly group. Previous studies have found that the activation of negative stereotypes will lead to negative cognitive effects, and the activation effect will be different under different difficulty cognitive tasks. Meta-stereotypes are more negative than stereotypes. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effect of activated negative meta-stereotype on cognitive performance among the elderly under two different difficulty N-back tasks. Our hypothesis was: (1) The activation of negative meta-stereotype will reduce the elderly’s cognitive performance. (2) When the negative meta-stereotype is activated, the performance among the elderly in different difficulty cognitive tasks is different.We tested the manipulation of the negative meta-stereotype among the elderly through a pilot study, and found that the activation of the negative meta-stereotype triggered significantly more irritability. We use another pilot study to test the applicability of the difficulty of cognitive load task among the elderly. Finally, the low cognitive load task (0-back task) and the high cognitive load task (1-back task) were selected to examine the cognitive effects of the activation of negative meta-stereotype among the elderly. In the formal experiment, 59 elderly people (mean age 72.87 years old, SD=7.75) were randomly assigned to a negative meta-stereotype group or a control group. A 2 (meta-stereotype manipulation: negative meta-stereotype activated group, the control group) × 2 (task difficulty: low cognitive load, high cognitive load) mixed-designed experiment was used in this study. Results showed that, 1) the average accuracy of participants in the negative meta-stereotype group was significantly lower than control group, and the average accuracy of high cognitive load task was significantly lower than low cognitive load task; 2) the average reaction time of negative meta-stereotype group was significantly longer than that of the control group, and the average accuracy of high cognitive load task was significantly longer than low cognitive load task; 3) the interaction effect between group and cognitive load level on reaction time was marginally significant, which suggested the reaction time of the negative meta-stereotype activated group was significantly longer than the control group in high cognitive load task while this difference was not significant in low cognitive load task. In general, the results show that the activation of the negative meta-stereotypes have negative cognitive effects among the elderly.