Predicting Hunger: The Effects of Appetite and Delay on Choice |
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| Institution: | 1. Rotterdam Institute for Business Economic Studies, Leeds University Business School;2. Leeds University Business School;1. Behavioral Medicine and Translational Research Lab, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA;2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka;3. Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA;4. Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA;1. Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California;2. Departments of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York;3. Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California;1. School of Psychology, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia;2. Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada;1. Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denmark;2. Department of Risk Management & Insurance and Center for the Economic Analysis of Risk, Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University, USA;3. Durham University Business School, Durham University, UK;4. Dean''s Behavioral Economics Laboratory, Robinson College of Business, and Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, USA |
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| Abstract: | Preferences often fluctuate as a result of transient changes in hunger and other visceral states. When current decisions have delayed consequences, the preferences that should be relevant are those that will prevail when the consequences occur. However, consistent with the notion of an intrapersonal empathy gap (Loewenstein, 1996) we find that an individual's current state of appetite has a significant effect on choices that apply to the future. Participants in our study made advance choices between healthy and unhealthy snacks (i.e., fruit and junk food) that they would receive in 1 week when they were either hungry (late in the afternoon) or satisfied (immediately after lunch). In 1 week, at the appointed time, they made an immediate choice, an opportunity to change their advance choice. Our main predictions were strongly confirmed. First, advance choices were influenced by current hunger as well as future hunger: hungry participants chose more unhealthy snacks than did satisfied ones. Second, participants were dynamically inconsistent: they chose far more unhealthy snacks for immediate choice than for advance choice. An additional hypothesis related to gender differences was also confirmed. |
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