Depressive symptoms during pregnancy: impact on neuroendocrine and neonatal outcomes |
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| Authors: | Marcus Sheila Lopez Juan F McDonough Susan Mackenzie Michael J Flynn Heather Neal Charles R Gahagan Sheila Volling Brenda Kaciroti Niko Vazquez Delia M |
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| Affiliation: | a Psychiatry Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States;b Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States;c Center of Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States;d School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States;e School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States;f Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States;g Child Development and Community Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States;h Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States;i Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, United States |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveTo explore the interplay of maternal depressive symptoms on the infant limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary axis (LHPA) and neurological development.DesignPregnant women were monitored for depressive symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) at 28, 32, and 37 weeks of gestation and at delivery. A mixture growth curve analysis divided the women into three risk groups: low/stable, intermediate, and high/increasing depression based on BDI scores. The infant neuroendocrine system was examined using cord blood for adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol measurements. Two-week-old infants were examined using Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS).ResultsInfants born to women of the high/increasing depression group had significant ACTH elevation at birth. On NNNS examination, these infants were more hypotonic and habituated to auditory and visual stimuli.ConclusionWhen compared to non-depressed women, maternal depressive symptoms, even in the absence of major depressive disorder, appeared to facilitate a different developmental pathway for the infant LHPA and early neurological development. |
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| Keywords: | Depression Pregnancy Infant outcomes Neuroendocrine system |
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