Fortune favors the bold (and the Italicized): effects of disfluency on educational outcomes |
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Authors: | Diemand-Yauman Connor Oppenheimer Daniel M Vaughan Erikka B |
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Institution: | aPrinceton University, Department of Psychology, United States;bIndiana University, Psychological & Brain Sciences, United States |
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Abstract: | Previous research has shown that disfluency – the subjective experience of difficulty associated with cognitive operations – leads to deeper processing. Two studies explore the extent to which this deeper processing engendered by disfluency interventions can lead to improved memory performance. Study 1 found that information in hard-to-read fonts was better remembered than easier to read information in a controlled laboratory setting. Study 2 extended this finding to high school classrooms. The results suggest that superficial changes to learning materials could yield significant improvements in educational outcomes. |
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Keywords: | Fluency Education Desirable difficulties |
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