Understanding enjoyment in youth sport: A developmental perspective |
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| Institution: | 1. University of Ottawa, Canada;2. Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada;3. Université du Québec en Outaouais, Canada;1. Interdisciplinary PhD Program, Dalhousie University, Canada;2. Department of Environmental Science, Dalhousie University, Canada;3. Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada;4. College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada;1. School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK;2. Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT2601, Australia;3. Chimp Management, Newlyn, Crossings Rd, Chapel-en-le Frith, Derbyshire SK239RY, UK;4. University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK;1. Loughborough University, UK;2. Swansea University, UK;1. School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;2. Centre for Health Initiatives, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;3. Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia |
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| Abstract: | ObjectivesHistorically, the youth sport emotional response literature focused mainly on stress and enjoyment. Although research on these emotional responses has been significant, no systematic examination of these responses from a developmental perspective has been undertaken and therefore, developmental influence and implications for competitive youth sport are largely unknown. To begin to address this issue, the present study examined the developmental progression of sources of enjoyment among youth sport participants.DesignA multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to examine the developmental differences in sources of enjoyment among younger (under 11 years) and older (over 11 years) children participating in individual and team sports.MethodsParticipants (n=152) aged 8–15 years were categorized into groups of younger and older children based on underlying cognitive-developmental criteria. Self-report measures of enjoyment, sources of enjoyment, perceived sport competence, and task and ego goal orientation were recorded.ResultsOlder children reported significantly greater enjoyment and other-referenced competency and recognition than younger children. Although all sources of enjoyment predicted enjoyment among younger children, no single source added a unique proportion of variance to the model. Competitive excitement (CE) and other-referenced competency and recognition significantly predicted enjoyment among older children. Team sport participants reported significantly greater self-referenced competency (SRC), affiliation with peers (AP), competitive excitement (CE), positive parental involvement (PPI) and enjoyment compared with individual sport participants. Finally, aligned with previous research, task orientation and perceived competence significantly predicted enjoyment.ConclusionsThe results of the present study underline the importance of understanding the developmental progression of sources of enjoyment among children and adolescents in sport. Furthermore, consideration should also be given to the nature of the sport (team or individual) children participate in for long-term enjoyment and commitment to sport. |
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