Revisiting the changing and stable properties of coping utilization using latent class growth analysis: A longitudinal investigation with soccer referees |
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| Authors: | Benoît Louvet Patrick Gaudreau André Menaut Jacques Genty Pascale Deneuve |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Faculté des Sciences du Sport, CETAPS EA 3832, Université de Rouen, France;2. School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Canada;3. Faculté des Sciences du Sport, VST2I EA 498, Université de Bordeaux II, France;1. University of Agder, Norway;2. Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway;1. Risk and Information Management Research Group, School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;2. Forensic Mental Health Research Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;3. Biological and Experimental Psychology Research Group, The School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;2. GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;3. ECT Department, University Psychiatric Center, Catholic University Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium;4. Parnassia, Psychiatric Institute the Hague, Clinical Center for the Elderly–ECT Department, The Hague, The Netherlands;1. Griffith University, Queensland, Australia;2. La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia;1. School of Economics, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom;2. Compecon Limited, 37 Willowbank Park, Rathfarnham, Dublin, D14 HW70, Ireland;3. Sport Management and Sociology Group School of Sport and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom;1. Nichols College, Conant Hall, 405, 129 Center Rd, Dudley, MA 01571, United States;2. Trinity University, 1 Trinity Pl, San Antonio, TX 78212, United States |
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| Abstract: | ObjectivesThis study examined the longitudinal factor invariance of problem-focused, disengagement-focused, and seeking social support coping to provide an unbiased estimation of the mean-level and differential stability of coping with longitudinal confirmatory factor analyses with mean structure. This study also examined different patterns of longitudinal coping utilization with Latent Class Growth Modeling (LCGM).MethodSoccer referees (N = 227), aged from 15 to 53 years, completed a French version of the Ways of Coping Checklist at three times over an entire season.ResultsThe structure of the coping dimensions could be assumed longitudinally invariant. The mean-level utilization of problem-focused coping did not change significantly over the season despite the presence of test–retest instability. Both disengagement and seeking support coping utilization have significantly decreased over time while displaying moderate test–retest stability. Results of LCGM revealed that, while most referees did not change their utilization of problem-focused coping, two subgroups have respectively increased and decreased their use of problem-focused coping. Two subgroups decreased significantly their use of both disengagement-oriented and seeking support coping whereas one subgroup maintained the same level of utilization.ConclusionsResults indicated that coping utilization displayed both trait-like and state-like properties, differing for distinct subgroups of referees. This research provided further evidence for the need of moving beyond the sole reliance on traditional analyses of change to recast the trait-like versus state-like debate on coping into a more idiosyncratic-nomothetic framework. |
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