弱智儿童感知动作技能特点的实验研究

本研究以难易程度不同的两个打洞操作作业 ,对弱智儿童和正常儿童的感知 动作技能进行了多种参数的测查。结果发现 :两类儿童在理解操作要点、操作速度、操作动作协调性以及操作正确性等各个方面都有明显的差异。同时通过比较 ,对弱智儿童感知 动作技能的特点 ,从外部肢体动作方式和内部智力动作方式两方面进行了详细的分析 ,并在此基础上对弱智儿童的感知 动作技能的教育与训练提出了建议 ,这对弱智学校改革教学、提高教学质量具有重要意义。

An experimental study on the perceptual motor abilities of mentally retarded children

Some aspects of the perceptual motor abilities of mentally retarded (MR) children were studied by comparing 17 normal children with 31 children of slight, medium, and severe retardation. Two hole I drilling tasks with different levels of difficulty were designed. In Task 1, subjects were asked to drill a hole through the utilization of bi manual coordination, while in Task 2 subjects were asked to drill a hole by using bi manual foot coordination. The results showed that there were significant differences in several kinds of performance between MR and normal children: 1) MR children, especially children of medium and severe retardation, were worse at comprehending the task and their imitation ability was poorer than that of normal children. As the task became more difficult, the differences between the two groups of children became larger. 2) The coordination ability of MR children stayed at a primary or moderate level while the normal children's motor coordination ability remained at a moderate or high level. This limitation of the mentally retarded children's coordination ability may have caused some of these children to have great difficulties in Task 2. 3) The speed of performance decreased with the level of mental impairment, especially in Task 2. Significant differences in performance speed were observed between the medium retardation level and the normal level, between slight and medium retardation, and between medium and severe retardation. 4) The performance accuracy for the right hand did not show significant differences between medium retardation children and normal children in Task 1, but did in Task 2. For the severely retarded children, the performance accuracy were very low in both tasks. Since the operation with the left hand was very easy, the differences in performance among the four groups were not significant. 5) Some characteristics of MR children in the perceptual-motor performance were as follows: (1) their external action was clumsy, slow, inflexible, and inaccurate; their level of coordination was poor, and the learned action was hard to transfer to a new situation, (2) their perceptual span was small, and both comprehension and long term memory were poor.