The influence of parents,older siblings,and non-parental care on infant development at nine months of age |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Centre for Public Health, Queen''s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom;2. UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (NI), Centre for Public Health, Queen''s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom;1. CLLE-LTC (Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie—Laboratoire Travail & Cognition)—UMR 5263, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France;2. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur l’Asie Orientale—UMR 8563, Paris, France;3. Faculty of Human-Environmental Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan;4. InterPsy Laboratory (E.A. 4432), University of Lorraine, (Nancy 2), France;1. LPNC (CNRS UMR 5105) – Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France;2. Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK;3. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Delaware, USA;4. Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;1. Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands;2. Institute of Psychology, Leiden University and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands;3. Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;1. Department of Psychology, Florida International University, United States;2. Departments of Computer Science and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, United States;3. Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundThe majority of research examining the influence of social environment on early child development suggests benefits to two-parent households, but contradictory evidence for the effects of siblings. The aims of the present study were to examine the influence of the child's proximal social environment, and the effects of interactions between socioeconomic status and social environment on developmental outcomes.MethodsPrimary caregivers of a representative sample of 10,748 nine-month-old infants in Ireland completed the Ages and Stages Questionnaire and provided information on social environment. Adjustment was made for infant and maternal characteristics, household income, and area where the child was living at the time of the study. Further analyses tested for interactions between social environment and household income.ResultsBinary logistic regressions indicated no effects for number of parents in the household. However, the presence of siblings in the household was a consistent predictor of failing to reach milestones in communication, gross motor, problem-solving, and personal-social development. Furthermore, there was a gradient of increasing likelihood of failing in gross motor, problem-solving, and personal-social development with increasing numbers of siblings. Care by a grandparent decreased the likelihood of failing in communication and personal-social development.ConclusionsThese findings do not support the majority of research that finds positive benefits for two-parent households. Similarly, the findings suggest limited effects for non-parental care. However, the observed negative effects of siblings support both the confluence and resource dilution models of sibling effect. Examination of follow-up data may elucidate current findings. |
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| Keywords: | Infant development Parents Siblings Non-parental care |
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