遗传、环境和青少年的吸烟饮酒行为：芬兰双生子研究的回溯与前瞻

本文介绍的两个“芬兰双生子（Finn Twin）”研究是对10个出生组的青少年双生子及其家庭的长期跟踪研究。本文概述了这两个项目对遗传与环境的关联和互动对吸烟饮酒行为影响的研究。这些研究的结果提示个体差异对吸烟饮酒行为的长期变动的影响受到兄弟姐妹互动、同伴互动以及父母教养方式的调节。环境对吸烟饮酒的影响主要表现在学校、居住社区与家庭环境的差异上。环境与遗传影响的程度和持久度有城乡差异。遗传的影响受居住社区的制约。多阶段模型的分析揭示了遗传与环境的互动对这些行为的演变（从试吸试饮到发展到滥用）的动态的影响，遗传似乎对吸烟饮酒的共同轨迹更有影响。这些结果对今后本项目对这约1万对芬兰成年双生子的分子遗传学研究提供了有益的线索

Genes, Environments, and Adolescent Substance Use: Retrospect and Prospect from the FinnTwin Studies

The two FinnTwin studies represent longitudinal twin-family research with ten birth cohorts of adolescent Finnish twins. We review results from this research on genetic and environmental effects and G×E correlations and interactions in patterns of substance use. The FinnTwin studies show that dispositional influences on early substance use and trajectories of later abuse are modulated by sibling and peer interactions and by patterns of parenting. Environmental effects on initiation of smoking and drinking are found to arise from differences between schools and neighborhoods as well as from differences between households. Magnitude and persistence of genetic and environmental effects on substance use differ in urban and rural environments and are influenced by measured community characteristics, including cohesion and surveillance. Multi-stage modeling of trajectories of smoking and drinking reveals a dynamic interplay of genetic and environmental effects from initiation of use, to the development of individual differences in frequency, quantity and density of use, to diagnostic symptoms of abuse. Conjoint developmental trajectories of smoking and drinking appear more heritable than either one modeled alone, providing a heuristic lead for phenotype development in future research with molecular genetic strategies as these 10,000 Finnish twins mature into mid-adulthood.