The change-of-standard effect: Distorted standards and adjusted impressions |
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Authors: | Thomas L Spalding Allison C Mullaly Victoria L Phillips |
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Institution: | (1) University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD, Australia;(2) Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada;(3) Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada;(4) Department of Psychology, University of Southern Queensland, PO Box 4196, Springfield Central, 4300, Australia;; |
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Abstract: | Previous accounts of the memory distortion known as the change-of-standard effect hypothesize that participants form a relative impression of a target at encoding and later use that impression with the average
of all items to recall the target (Higgins & Lurie, 1983). In three experiments, we investigated the standard and the integration
of the standard with the relative impression. Experiments 1 and 2 show that participants’ subjective average at recall is
distorted toward recent stimuli: It is computed when required and is therefore affected by the items’ accessibility at that
time. Furthermore, the impression’s influence on recall is relatively small when the context changes between encoding and
decoding. Experiment 3 shows that this change in the impression’s influence occurs only when the participant integrates information
across sessions, suggesting that such tasks make participants aware of the changed context and cause them to adjust the use
of their impression in recalling the target. |
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Keywords: | |
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