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The perceived vulnerability to disease scale: Cross-cultural measurement invariance and associations with fear of COVID-19 across 16 countries
Authors:Arzu Karakulak  Maria Stogianni  Itziar Alonso-Arbiol  Shanu Shukla  Michael Bender  Victoria Wai Lan Yeung  Veljko Jovanović  Pasquale Musso  Rosa Scardigno  Riley A. Scott  Jaimee Stuart  Maria-Therese Friehs  Zena Toh  Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir  Alexios Arvanitis  Carmen Buzea  Stefanos Mastrotheodoros  Jo-Ann Tsang  Filipa Madeira  Diana Miconi  Nicole Russell Pascual  Wade C. Rowatt  Rosemary L. Al-Kire  Moty Amar  Tugce Aral  Guy Itzchakov  Sushanta Kumar Mishra  Roni Porat  Rocco Servidio  Delia Stefenel  Ergyul Tair  Alexandros Gkomez
Affiliation:1. Department of Psychology, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey;2. Department of Culture Studies, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands;3. Department of Clinical and Health Psychology & Research Methods, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain;4. Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet & Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic;5. Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands;6. Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China;7. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia;8. Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology, Communication, University of Studies of Bari “A. Moro”, Bari, Italy;9. School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia;10. UNU Institute Macau, United Nations University, Macau, Macao;11. Faculty of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen, Hagen, Germany;12. Department of Communication, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA;13. Open Psychology Research Centre, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK;14. Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethimno, Greece;15. Department of Social Sciences and Communication, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brașov, Romania;16. Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA;17. Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal;18. Department of Educational Psychology and Adult Education, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada;19. Diversity and Justice Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK;20. Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;21. OAC Consumer Behaviour Lab, The School of Business Administration, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel;22. Diversity in Education and Development, Department of Inclusive Education, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany;23. Department of Human Services, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel;24. Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, Bangalore, India;25. Political Science & International Relations, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel;26. Department of Cultures, Education, and Society, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy;27. Faculty of Social Sciences, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania;28. Institute of Population and Human Studies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria;29. Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Abstract:Using cross-sectional data from N = 4274 young adults across 16 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, we examined the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD) scale and tested the hypothesis that the association between PVD and fear of COVID-19 is stronger under high disease threat [that is, absence of COVID-19 vaccination, living in a country with lower Human Development Index (HDI) or higher COVID-19 mortality]. Results supported a bi-factor Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling model where items loaded on a global PVD factor, and on the sub-factors of Perceived Infectability and Germ Aversion. However, cross-national invariance could only be obtained on the configural level with a reduced version of the PVD scale (PVD-r), suggesting that the concept of PVD may vary across nations. Moreover, higher PVD-r was consistently associated with greater fear of COVID-19 across all levels of disease threat, but this association was especially pronounced among individuals with a COVID-19 vaccine, and in contexts where COVID-19 mortality was high. The present research brought clarity into the dimensionality of the PVD measure, discussed its suitability and limitations for cross-cultural research, and highlighted the pandemic-related conditions under which higher PVD is most likely to go along with psychologically maladaptive outcomes, such as fear of COVID-19.
Keywords:culture  disease threat  fear of COVID-19  measurement invariance  perceived vulnerability to disease
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