Critical thinking as cooperation and its relation to mental health and social welfare |
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| Affiliation: | 1. HUS Brain Center, Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland;2. Department of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland;1. Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, 23 Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand;2. Department of Psychology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand;1. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium;2. Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Canada;1. Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;2. Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;1. School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia;2. Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia;3. Department of Psychology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK;4. Black Dog Institute, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this theoretical investigation was to examine critical thinking as a realization of human cooperation, affecting both mental health and social welfare. Although critical thinking contains a critical stance toward any asserted standpoint, such a critical stance appears, paradoxically, to have developed from cooperation and the shared goals of human beings. Moreover, although critical thinking has been seen in academic literature to be anchored on culturally developed rules and principles of rational dialogue as well as on effective learning methods, investigators have not interconnected critical thinking and human cooperation comprehensively enough. To solve the dilemma, we will use available scientific knowledge to examine how cooperation and socially shared goals are realized in critical thinking, especially in a critical stance. The view of critical thinking as cooperation places it ontogenetically and phylogenetically into a wider theoretical framework which also provides a novel perspective on mental health and social welfare. The deterioration of rational thinking in the context of mental disorders may be explained by failures of cooperation, which can contain epistemic distrust and an inability to mentalize the viewpoints of others. These features may clarify some causes why some contemporary dialogues and critical contributions are divisive in worldwide, especially in social media. |
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| Keywords: | Cooperation Collective intentionality Critical thinking Rationality Mental health Social welfare |
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